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Citation Styles

 

Citation styles differ mostly in the location, order, and syntax of information about references.  The number and diversity of citation styles reflect different priorities with respect to concision, readability, dates, authors, publications, and, of course, style. 

 

There are also two major divisions within most citation styles: documentary-note style and parenthetical style.  Documentary-note style is the standard form of documenting sources.  It involves using either footnotes or endnotes so that information about your sources is readily available to your readers but does not interfere with their reading of your work. 

 

   In the parenthetical style, sometimes called the “author-date” style or “in-text” style, references to sources are made in the body of the work itself, through parentheses.  An example of this would be the following sentence, taken from page 23 of a book written by Professor Scott in 1999:

 

 

Professor Scott asserts that “environmental  reform in Alaska in the 1970s accelerated rapidly as the result of pipeline expansion.”  (Scott 1999, 23)

 

 

This is generally considered an abbreviated form of citation, and it does not require footnotes or endnotes, although it does require the equivalent of a “Works Cited” page at the end of the paper.  It is easier to write, but might interfere with how smoothly your work reads.  See your instructor for information on which form, documentary-note style or parenthetical style, is appropriate for your paper. 

 

With so many different citation styles, how do you know which one is right for your paper?  First, we strongly recommend asking your instructor.  There are several factors which go into determining the appropriate citation style, including discipline (priorities in an English class might differ from those of a Psychology class, for example), academic expectations (papers intended for publication might be subject to different standards than mid-term papers), the research aims of an assignment, and the individual preference of your instructor. 

If you want to learn more about using a particular citation style, we have provided links to more specific resources below.  Just choose the appropriate discipline from the menu on the left, or scroll down until you find the style that interests you.  

 

 

Humanities

 

Chicago

 

  • Writer’s Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html

  • Quick Reference Guide to the Chicago Style

http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/Refhome/chicago.html

  • Excellent FAQ on Usage in the Chicago Style

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/

  • Online!  Guide to Chicago Style

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html

 

 

MLA                (Modern Language Association)

 

  • Writer’s Handbook: MLA Style Documentation

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocMLA.html

  • The Documentation Style of the Modern Language Association

http://www.newark.ohio-state.edu/~osuwrite/mla.htm

  • MLA Citation Style

http://campusgw.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/mla.html

  • Online! Guide to MLA Style

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite5.html

  • Useful Guide to Parenthetical Documentation

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/1623/document.html

 

 

Turabian         (an academic style that works in other disciplines as well)

 

 

Sciences

 

ACS                 (American Chemical Society)

 

  • ACS Style Sheet

http://www.lehigh.edu/~inhelp/footnote/acs.html

  • ACS Books Reference Style Guidelines

http://pubs.acs.org/books/references.shtml

 

 

AMA                (American Medical Society)

 

  • AMA Style Guide

http://healthlinks.washington.edu/hsl/styleguides/ama.html

  • AMA Documentation Style

http://rx.stlcop.edu/wcenter/AMA.htm

  • AMA Citation Style

http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm

 

 

CBE                 (Council of Biology Editors)

 

  • Writer’s Handbook: CBE Style Documentation

http://www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocCBE6.html

  • Online!  Guide to CBE Style

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite8.html

  • CBE Style Form Guide

http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/guides/cbegd.html

 

 

IEEE               (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

 

  • Handbook: Documentation IEEE Style

http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

  • Sample IEEE Documentation Style for References

http://www.carleton.ca/~nartemev/IEEE_style.html

  • Electrical Engineering Citation Style

http://www.lehigh.edu/~inhelp/footnote/footee.html

 

 

 

NLM                (National Library of Medicine)

 

  • NLM Style Guide

http://healthlinks.washington.edu/hsl/styleguides/nlm.html

  • Citing the Internet: A Brief Guide

http://nnlm.gov/pnr/news/200107/netcite.html

  • National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation (PDF format)

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/internet.pdf

 

 

Vancouver       (Biological Sciences)

 

·                                Introduction to the Vancouver Style

http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/citeprvr.htm

·                                Vancouver Style References 

http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.html

·                                Detailed Explanation of the Vancouver style

http://www.acponline.org/journals/annals/01jan97/unifreqr.htm

 

 

Social Sciences

 

AAA                 (American Anthropological Association)

                       

    • Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers

http://www.usd.edu/anth/handbook/bib.htm

    • AAA Style Handbook (PDF format)

http://www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.pdf

 

 

APA                 (American Psychological Association)

 

 

 

    • Writer’s Handbook: APA Style Documentation

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

    • APA Style Guide

http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.html

    • Bibliography Style Handbook (APA)

http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/bibliography_style_handbookapa.htm

    • APA Style Electronic Format

http://www.westwords.com/guffey/apa.html

    • Online!  Guide to APA Style

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html

    • APA Style.org

http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

 

APSA               (American Political Science Association)

 

    • Writer’s Handbook: APSA Documentation

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPSA.html

 

 

Legal Style

 

    • Cornell University’s Introduction to Basic Legal Citation

http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/citation.table.html

    • Legal Citation: Using and Understanding Legal Abbreviations

http://qsilver.queensu.ca/law/legalcit.htm

    • Legal Research and Citation Style in the USA

http://www.rbs0.com/lawcite.htm

 

 

Other: General info on citing web documents

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Style.html

 

Recommended Multi-Style Links

http://www.aresearchguide.com/styleguides.html

http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/

 

 

--------------------------------------------------------  Reference :

 

http://www.plagiarism.org/resources/documentation/plagiarism/learning/citation_styles.doc

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quick Reference  (Citation Styles)


Books

Author, one:

Baxter, John. The Bidders. New York: Lippincott, 1995.

 

Authors, two:

Hooper, Henry O., and Peter Gwynne. The Missing Umbrella. New York:  Harper & Row, 1997.

 

Editor:

Bevington, David. ed. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. 3rd ed. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1990.

 

Encyclopedia articles:

Dickinson, Robert E. "Norman Conquest." The World Book Encyclopedia.1998 ed. "Folk Music." Encyclopedia Americana. 1997 ed.

 

Periodicals

Magazine article:

Crickmer, Barry. "Can We Control Spending?" Nation's Business Apr. 1983: 22-24.

"A Long Smoldery Summer?" Science News 21 June 1994:  28-31.

 

Newspaper article:

Bryant, Alice Franklin. "Our Role in the U.N." Letter to the Editor.  Oregonian 15 Dec. 1977: B7, cols. 6-7.

 

 

Electronic

CD-ROM:

"Spiders." Grolier's New Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Groliers, 1996.

 

Periodical article from online source:

Kluger, Jeffrey. "Dr. Sigmund Doolittle." Discover Feb. 1996: 84-87. InfoTrac Super Tom. Online. SearchBank. Information Access.  April 1996.

 

World Wide Web:

"Cambodia." CIA World Factbook. 1997. Central Intelligence Agency.
12 June 1998 .

DiStefano, Vince. "Guidelines for Better Writing." 9 Jan. 1996 .

"Fresco." Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 Mar. 1997 .

Lancashire, Ian. Home Page. 1 May 1997 .


 

Samples of Parenthetical Documentation and Works Cited page

The sample paragraph given here has many more parenthetical documentations than would normally be found in a student paper. Every time an idea comes from a different source than the idea before it did, a new parenthetical documentation needs to be included. This paragraph uses a different source for each sentence so that more examples of how to do it can be shown. Normally there would be only one, or sometimes two, parenthetical documentations per paragraph. Color has been added to help you see the correlation between the parenthetical documentation and the information listed on the Works Cited page. Note: the information and sources used in this sample are purely fictional.

SAMPLE PARAGRAPH (normally it should be double-spaced)

On the CD-ROM program in our library, I found an article about chemistry that said "molecules lose their negativity as they move through the solution" ("Chemistry" 52). Another scientist, Allen R. Mueller, said these solutions become positively charged in the process (Mueller 42). According to Mueller, this is a "chemical reaction" (42). I found that this process is very useful to industry in the manufacturing of metals (Designs 73). From an encyclopedia article I learned that the by-products of this process are beneficial to both society and business ("Metals" 394). Metals such as beryllium and copper are refined in this process (395). Positively-charged solutions are also used in the production of zirconium (Zeikel ). According to my science teacher, "there will yet be many advances made in this field" (Shaw).

 

Works Cited

"Chemistry." Science World February 1993: 52. Magazine Summaries. CD-ROM. 1994.

Designs in Manufacturing. Philadelphia: Bantom House, 1981.

"Metals." World Book Encyclopedia. 1988.

Mueller, Allen R., Phd. "Positive Solutions in a Changing World." U.S. News
& World Report 5 March 1994: 41-49.

"Processes." World Book Information Finder. CD-ROM. New York: World Book Inc., 1994.

Shaw, Peter (science teacher). Telephone interview. 3 February 1997.

Zeikel, Norman. "Zirconium Uses in the 20th Century." 11 Feb 1996. Online. Internet. 30 Sept. 1998. Available: http://www.circ.com/~bennion/bmem.html.

 

It the last source had been taken from the SearchBank service on the Internet, it would be listed like this:

Zeikel, Norman. "Zirconium Uses in the 20th Century." Knight-Ridder/Tribune Service. SearchBank. Online. Internet. 30 Sept. 1998. Available:  http://sbweb2.med.iacnet.com/infotrac/session/297/632/5527132/ismap4/bmem.html.

 

q       You'll notice that there is no page number listed for a book on the Works Cited page, but there is for magazines.

q       There are two spaces after each period; one space after a comma; two spaces after a colon.

q       Periods go inside quotation marks.

q       Each piece of information and each source line ends with a period.
There is a period between the name of a book and its publisher or date, but on a magazine the date follows the name of the magazine with no period or comma between.
If there is a date given for when information was posted on the Internet, it is listed after the title of the page. The date you printed out or downloaded the information is given just before the address.

 

Reference  :

 

 

Tool Tip Online! Citation styles

Author(s): Fulco Teunissen  
Institution(s): James Boswell Institute, University of Utrecht
Date: 22 February 2008

  

http://www.intuitproject.nl/uploads/media/Tool_Tip_Online__Citation_styles_02.doc

 

Sender : Abolfazl Bakhtiyari