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How to write references.
Table of Contents
Section
1. Preface
2. Introduction – Why, when & what?
3. The Harvard Referencing System
3.1 How do I cite the item in the text of my assignment?
3.2 General Rules
Authors, Dates, Titles, Edition, Place, Publisher,
Other information, Transliteration of Non-Western Alphabets
i. Books (and Reports) (including Electronic Books)
Acts of Parliament, Statutory Instruments,
Command Papers, Green and White Papers
iv. Journal Articles (including Electronic Journal Articles)
Dissertations and Theses, Lecture Notes,
Information Sheets, Letters, Questionnaires
vii. Music
viii. Maps, Illustrations, Photographs and Reproductions of Artworks
Sound Recordings, Films, Videocassettes and DVDs,
Broadcasts, Note on Microform (Microfiche and Microfilm)
Discs, Web Sites, E-Mails, Powerpoint Presentations
Discussion Forums, Moodle, UCEEL
xi. Verbal Materials
Lectures, Interviews
xii. Legal Materials
1. Preface
This guide is an introduction to writing references and covers the most common types of material in both print and electronic form: books,
chapters in books, conferences and their papers, official publications, dissertations and theses, journal articles, printed music, letters and
e-mails, lecture notes, sound recordings, videos (and DVDs), images, pictures and illustrations, maps, internet resources.
It is never possible to cover everything in one guide so for difficult points or if you have questions you should try the following:
Subject-specific reference guides which may be produced by your Faculty or School.
Faculty Learning or Resource Centre.
SSDD (Student and Staff Development Department).
Other Publications on the Subject, including web-based ones.
Tip – Saving Time
Make sure that you get all the reference information you need while you still have the source material (e.g. book) in front of you. You will waste
a lot of time if you have to have to go back and find this information later. For example: if you make a photocopy check that you have the page numbers; if you interview someone make a note of the date; if you print a web page make a note of the full web address and the date on which
you accessed it.
Confidentiality
The Faculty of Health, in particular, has strict guideline on confidentiality. To quote from their Undergraduate and Postgraduate Course
Handbooks (2004):-
“In all assessed work, if the patient/client’s name or that of a member of staff or institution is included in any part of the work, including
appendices, it will fail. The work will be deemed a “technical fail” and will receive a zero mark.”
2. Introduction
Why should I include references in my work?
1. It shows the range of reading which you have done. This gains you marks.
2. You may support your arguments with the opinion of acknowledged experts and use data from reputable sources. This can make your
own arguments more convincing.
It is a basic academic requirement to show details of the sources of your information, ideas and arguments. Doing so means that you
cannot be accused of plagiarism, i.e. stealing from another person’s work.
When should I include references in my work?
1. Whenever you quote someone else’s work. This does not just include words but tables, charts, pictures, music, etc.
2. When you rewrite or paraphrase someone else’s work.
3. When you summarise someone else’s work.
Why should I give such detailed information?
The purpose of the details provided is to make it easy for someone else to follow up and trace the materials which you have used. Without full references,
your tutor may be led into thinking you are trying to take credit for someone else’s work i.e. plagiarism.
What are the most important points about my list of references?
1. Keep it accurate. This means that the marker/tutor does not waste time if they wish to consult the items you have listed. If your list is full
of errors you will lose marks.
2. Provide all the relevant details. This makes it is easy for the marker to identify the items which you have listed. Again, if some of the important information is missing you will lose marks.
3. Use a consistent format for your references. This will ensure that it is easy to locate a reference within your reading list.
Are there systems for doing this?
Yes, there are well-known systems but which you use will depend upon the requirements of your Faculty, School or Department. Your student
handbook should provide this information but if in doubt check with your tutor, your Faculty Learning or Resource Centre.
The system used by most Faculties, Schools and Departments is the Harvard Referencing System and this is the system that the majority
of this guide deals with. An alternative system called the Vancouver Method is briefly described at the end of this guide.
What do I need to include?
The most important parts of a reference are as follows:
a) The person(s) who ‘wrote’ the work: - The Author(s) or Originator(s).
Of course this maybe the composer, artist, director, sculptor, architect, etc. depending on the format of the
work.
b) Anyone who edited, translated, arranged the item.
c) The name of the work: - usually the Title.
d) Any additional information about the name of the item: - usually the Subtitle.
e) The person who puts the work into its physical format: - usually the Publisher.
f) The date when the work was made available or published (not necessarily when it was written, etc.).
g) The place of publication (if known).
h) Physical details of the item such as page numbers, type of material – CD, DVD, poster, computer file, etc.
i) Any additional information helpful to locate the works (such as a web address, a catalogue number, the
title of a series, etc.).
Read on to learn how to organise these pieces of information into a properly-structured reference.
3. The Harvard Referencing System
3.1 How do I Cite an Item in the Text of my Assignment?
If your School uses the Harvard system, you need to provide the following information if you mention another piece of work, book etc. in your assignment.
When quoting directly from someone else’s work give:
Author(s) followed by the date in round brackets.
e.g. “As with any investment, working capital exposes the business to risk.” McLaney (2003)
If there is no author give either:
A statement that the work is anonymous (Anon) followed by the date in round brackets:
e.g. Anon. (2006)
or
Title followed by the date in round brackets.
e.g. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2003)
If the author produced more than one work in the same year use letters to indicate this (probably it is best to arrange the items
alphabetically by their title first):
e.g. Singh (2004 a)
Singh (2004 b)
When referring to or summarising put both the author(s) and date.
e.g. McLaney (2003) describes how the business is exposed to risk by working capital.
When citing a secondary source, for example, when including a quotation from a work you haven’t read, as cited in another work which
you have read, this must be indicated in your list of references. For citing within the text follow the Author guidelines above.
e.g. Smith, D (1990)
Page Numbers
If you wish to include a page number (p) or a range of page numbers (pp) include it or them after a comma in the bracket with the date.
e.g. Shah (2002, p.33)
Jones (2000, pp.17-20)
3.2 General Rules
Authors
a) Single Authors
Family name first, then a comma and space and then personal name(s) or initial(s).
e.g. John, Augustus
b) Two Authors
List the authors in the form above with “&” between them.
e.g. Mohammed, A. & Khan, J.
c) Three Authors:
List the authors as above with a comma after the first and “&” after the second.
e.g. Pryce-Jones, T., Patel, V. & Brown, P.
d) More than three authors should be listed with only the first named followed by the Greek term “et al”. This translates as “and others”.
e.g. Hussain, J. et al.
Editors
Editors are treated the same as authors except that Ed. or Eds. is put in brackets after the editor or editors names.
e.g. Walker, T. (Ed.)
When is an Author not an Author?
The chairmen or chairwomen of government or other reports are not authors*, and neither are compilers, illustrators (unless their art
is the significant part of the work rather than the text), translators, arrangers, photographers (unless the photographs are a significant
part of the work and flagged as such) and writers of prefaces, forewords or introductions.
*instead use a corporate author (see below).
What is a Corporate Author?
A corporate author is a group which takes responsibility for writing a publication. It could be a society and professional body, an
international organisation, a government department or any other group. A government publication should begin with the country,
then the department, then any committee or subcommittee.
e.g. Great Britain. Department for Education and Skills
e.g. PriceWaterhouseCoopers
Date
The date of ‘publication’ should be included.
If there are a number of different reissues or reprints of the item give the earliest date of the edition you are referring to.
e.g. if the information in the book reads “1989 reprinted in 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000” give 1989.
If the date you find on the source material comes from anywhere other that the item’s title page (such as from the preface or introduction)
or from an outside source such as a bibliography or a library catalogue put it in square brackets.
e.g. [2003]
If it is not possible to ascertain the date put the following: [n.d.] or [undated] or [no date].
Title
The title should be copied from the item itself if possible and should be in italics.
If there is a mistake in the title of the published work (and you do not wish the reader to think that you cannot spell!) put the word
sic (= thus) in square brackets after the word(s).
e.g. Brimingham [sic]
If there is no title on the item you may need to invent a descriptive title. In this case you should put it in square brackets [ ].
Edition
If there are different editions of the work you should give details of which edition you are using.
e.g 3rd ed
Place
Where appropriate you should include the place where the item was published. If it is not clear which country the place is in include
that in round brackets.
e.g. Birmingham (UK)
e.g. Birmingham (Alabama, US)
If there is more than one place of publication given choose the UK place but otherwise choose the first one.
e.g. for Paris New York London give “London”
e.g. for Oxford London New York Hong Kong give “Oxford”
Publisher
If the item is published give the name of the publisher as it appears on the item.
e.g Facet Publishing
If the item is unpublished it may still be possible to give the name of the body responsible for issuing the work.
e.g. Jones, R. (1998). Public libraries and the use of the internet. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Loughborough.
Other Information
You may wish to include other information about the item such as its ISBN, physical format (e.g. audio CD, Microfilm, Map, Letter,
Photograph, Music Score, Lecture, Web Site, E-Mail, internet address, etc.). More detail is given in the section below on specific
formats.
Transliteration
Any information not in the Roman alphabet should be transliterated where appropriate. British Standards BS2929 (Transliteration
of Cyrillic and Greek characters), BS4280 (Transliteration of Arabic characters), BS7014 (Guide to the romanization of Chinese),
BS6505 (Guide to the romanization of Korean) and BS4812 (Specification for the romanization of Japanese) should be helpful.
They are available from the British Standards database via the Library’s A-Z of Electronic Resources.
The list of references, which is be referred to as a bibliography, needs to be included at the end of your piece of work.
Information about a book should, if possible, be taken from the title page and the back of the title page.
Basic Essentials of a Reference
Author(s) or Editor(s)
Date
Title
Place
Publisher
It is usually laid out like this:
Essential Extras Where They Exist
Edition
If the book is in an edition other than the first (usually it will say 2nd. or revised or new edition or something of that kind) you should
include that information immediately after the title information.
e.g.
Tierney, John (2006) Criminology. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman.
Volume Number
If you have used only one volume of a multi-volume work you could indicate that by adding the volume number immediately after the
title.
e.g.
Merriam, J.L. (c2003) Engineering Mechanics. Vol. 1: Statics. 5th Ed.
Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley
Page Numbers
If you have only used certain pages of a book you should indicate that by adding the page numbers after the publisher.
e.g.
Tierney, John (2006) Criminology. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman pp. 145-179.
Optional Useful Extras
Subtitle
If the title does not give much information about the subject of a book you may wish to include the subtitle (everything which occurs after
a colon (:) or question mark in the title).
e.g.
Tierney, John (2006) Criminology: Theory and Context. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman.
Series Title and Number
If the book is part of a series it may be helpful to give the series title and number of the book within the series.
e.g.
Boles, Janet K., & Hoeveler, Diane Long (2006) The A-Z of Feminism. The A to Z Guide Series; No. 19. Oxford: Scarecrow Press.
ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
The ISBN is a unique 10- or 13-digit number which serves as a unique identifier of a particular book. It can be useful to help identify an
obscure item. Put this information at the end after all the other information.
e.g.
Tierney, John (2006) Criminology: Theory and Context. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman. 1405823615.
Parts of Books
Some books are a collection of chapters by various contributors. You cite them the same way as above, but the chapter is cited first
(with the title not in italics), followed by the details of the book in which it appears.
e.g.
Grimshaw, R. and Templeton, R. Aspects of engineering services in design and development.
in: Waterhouse, M. and Crook, G. (eds.) (1995) Management and business studies in the Built
Environment. London: Spon.
Electronic Books
Electronic Books should be treated very similarly to print ones. You need to include the address of the website at which you viewed the
work and the date on which you viewed it.
e.g.
Roshan, Pejman & Leary, Jonathan (2003) Wireless LAN Fundamentals
Sebastopol, CA: Cisco Press
[available at: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/1587050773] [viewed on 11/07/2006].
Conferences and symposia are treated in the same way as books, with these elements:
Corporate author
Date
Title
Place
Publisher
In volumes of proceedings from regularly-held conferences the author is normally a corporate author and is the same as the name of the conference, followed by the number of the conference. Identifying how to cite the author may well be difficult and, as usual, it is best taken
from the title page of the conference itself. If in doubt ask for help.
There may be a separate title or the title may be the name of the conference either preceded or followed by the word “proceedings”.
e.g.
Tudor Symposium. The anatomy of Tudor literature: proceedings of the first International Conference of the Tudor Symposium, 1998,
(2001) Aldershot: Ashgate.
Conference Paper
Apart from putting the author(s) and title of the conference paper at the beginning and the page numbers at the end, an individual
conference paper is referenced in the same way as a whole set of conference proceedings.
e.g.
Gibson, J (1998). Remapping Elizabethan Court Poetry in Tudor Symposium. The anatomy of Tudor literature: proceedings of the
first International Conference of the Tudor Symposium, 1998, (2001) Aldershot: Ashgate. pp 98-111.
Some official publications have particular citation rules. Many are published by The Stationery Office but TSO is
not the author.
Acts of Parliament
Statutory Instruments
Command Papers
Green and White Papers
Acts of Parliament
Acts of Parliament have a corporate author, which is parliament itself.
The author may be cited as “Great Britain. Parliament” especially if the material needs to be distinguished from Acts produced by
other governments. However, it is more usual to leave out the author and use only the title (in italics) which includes the year and
also the chapter number. In addition the Place and Publisher should be included.
e.g.
Disability Discrimination Act 2005 c13. London:The Stationery Office.
Within the text of your assignment the chapter number may be omitted.
Statutory Instruments
Statutory instruments are also authored by parliament but are usually referenced with just their title year and SI (Statutory Instrument)
number.
The reference should include the Title of Instrument (including the year), the SI Year/Number and the Place and Publisher.
e.g.
The Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order 2006
SI 2006/1735. London:The Stationery Office.
Command Papers
The author of these is usually a government department which is the corporate author. However, after the publisher it is usual to give
their number. The abbreviation for Command should be included before the number. The abbreviation was originally C, then Cd then
from 1918-1955 Cmd and from 1956-1985 Cmnd. At present Cm is used. You should check the title page of the paper itself to make
sure. The reference should include the Country, the Department, the Year (in brackets), the Title (in italics), the Place and Publisher
and the paper number.
e.g.
Great Britain. Home Department (1994) Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 2003 London: The Stationery Office (Cm 6361).
Green and White Papers
Green and White papers are consultation documents and are authored by the Government Department or body which is responsible
for them. The chairman or chairwoman is not the author and should only be included optionally and in square brackets after the
publisher.
e.g.
Great Britain. Department for Work and Pensions (2006) A New Deal for Welfare: Empowering People to Work.
London: Stationery Office (CM 6730).
iv. Journal Articles
What is a journal?
Publications that are published regularly with the same title and often a volume and/or part number are usually
known as serials. These could include publications published annually, quarterly (4 times per year),
bimonthly (every 2 months), monthly, weekly or daily.
Popular serials e.g. Radio Times, are usually called magazines but more academic publications are often known as journals.
The information required when citing an article from a journal is as follows:
Author(s) (If any)
Year
Article Title
Journal Title which is put in italics
Volume (if any)
Part or Issue(if any)
Date and month (if no volume or there is a volume but no part or issue number)
Page numbers
The reference should be laid out like this:
What do I do if I use a Whole Issue of a Journal?
Sometimes it may be necessary to cite the whole issue of a journal, especially if it is a Special Issue dedicated to a particular subject.
For a whole issue give the following:
Journal Title (In italics)
Subtitle relating to the Special Issue (if there is one)
Year
Volume (if any)
Part or Issue (if any – it may say Special Issue on …)
Page Numbers of the Issue (if they are not just numbered from 1 to the end)
e.g.
Human Resource Management Review: HRMR special issue: fairness and human resources management
(2003). 13(1)
Review in a Journal
If you refer to a review you should also include the details of the work being reviewed.
Electronic Journal Articles
Electronic journal articles should be cited in the same way as print ones. You may wish to include
information about the hosting services (e.g. Swetswise) and the date viewed.
e.g.
Parry, Sharon and Dunn, Lee. (2000). Benchmarking as a Meaning Approach to Learning in Online Settings Studies in Continuing
Education, Vol. 22 N. 2 p.219 [Online version via SwetsWise] [viewed on 11/07/2006]
Newspaper articles are treated in the same way as journal articles except that it is necessary to include the date not just the year. It may
be helpful to include the column number.
*n.b. the name of the author of a newspaper article is referred to as the Byline
There are many types of unpublished material which you might use in an assignment. This guide covers only
a few of these:
Dissertations and Theses
Lecture Notes
Information Sheets
Letters
Dissertations and Theses
Dissertations and theses are very similar to printed books but instead of giving information about the publisher it
is necessary to give the name of the institution where the dissertation was done and the type of degree for
which it was written.
Lecture Notes
As with other materials it is likely that a lecture will have an author and title and a place where it was delivered. There will also be a year
and date in which it was delivered. Additionally the lecture is likely to be part of a course or module. As you have taken notes then add
that information in square brackets at the end.
Information Sheets
Information Sheets may be anonymous and undated but otherwise the same rules as for other print materials apply.
You should include:
Author (if there is one)
Year (if there is one otherwise put year acquired in square brackets)
Title (if there is one – otherwise invent one and place it in square brackets)
Place (if there is one)
Institution
e.g.
Smith, B (2005) Information Sheet about Online Shopping. Foundation for Retail Studies.
Letters
Letters will have an author (the person who wrote it) and probably a date. There may be a heading for the letter if it is official in which
case use that but there may be no title in which case you should put in square brackets: Letter from person X or Correspondence from
person X.
If the recipient was a person other than yourself you should add after the sender the name of the recipient.
e.g.
Green, L. (2005) Correspondence from L. Green to B. Smith. 25th December 2005.
Questionnaires
If you wish to cite an individual response to a questionnaire then the person completing it is the author. Ideally you should have it dated
and have a title to the questionnaire.
vii. Music
The author of a piece of music is generally known as the composer. In some cases it is necessary to add the arranger, editor or
transcriber as they have some subsidiary responsibility for the score. It is also usual to add for what group (e.g. symphony), instrument(s)
(e.g. piano) or voice(s) (e.g. soprano) the work is written.
e.g.
Brittain, B. (1980) Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and harp. Osain Ellis, ed. London: Faber Music.
viii. Maps, Illustrations, Photographs and Reproductions of Artworks
Maps and Other Cartographic Material
If possible details of a map should include the originator/author (if stated on the publication), the date, the title and scale of the map
(e.g. 1:50,000) and the Place and Publisher
e.g.
Mason, James (1832) Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey.
Illustrations and Posters
Illustrations and Posters should have an artist (if applicable), title and possibly a statement of the publisher, place and date.
e.g.
How the days got their names : Ancient Roman, Viking and Japanese days of the week. Hawthorn, Vic. : Mimosa Publications, 1995.
Illustration within a Book
If the illustration is within a book the details of the book should also be included and the page number would be useful:
e.g.
Winterbotham, A. (1990) Plateosaurus [Illustration] in Benton, M All About Dinosaurs. London: Kingfisher Books. p.11.
Photographs
The details of a photograph usually include the photographer and, if known, the year, and location and, if there is one, the publisher.
If there is no publisher, the location where the photograph was seen or located would be useful.
e.g.
Hosain, M. (1999). Cameron Diaz [Photograph]. London: Education Image Gallery.
Photograph within a Book
If the photograph is within a book the details of the book should also be included and the page number would be useful.
e.g.
Versace, G. (1991) Gold Medusa watch [photograph] IN: Townsend, C. (2002) Rapture: art’s seduction by fashion since 1970. London:
Thames and Hudson, p.9.
Artworks
Works of Art usually have an originator and other details should include, if
known, the year, the title of the work a statement of what type of artwork it is (e.g. installation) and where the work was seen (e.g. and
exhibition) or is usually located (e.g. the owner) and, if relevant, the date seen)
e.g.
Durer, Albrecht. (1515). Rhinoceros. [Engraving]. At: Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings. Register
number 1915-27- 41.
Reproduction of an Artwork in a Book
The reproduction of an artwork in a book the details of the person responsible for the reproduction and the details of the book should
also be included.
e.g.
Picasso, Pablo (1937) Guernica (in progress); [photographed by Maar, Dora.] IN Hilton, Tim (1976) Picasso. London: Thames and
Hudson. p241.
Sound Recordings
Details of sound recordings should include the composer/originator of the item recorded on the sound recording,
the year, place, publisher, type of medium used (e.g. CD), the duration in minutes and the catalogue number.
One Particular Item Within a Sound Recording
If referring to one item within a sound recording the procedure is similar to that for a chapter in a book and should include similar
information except that the CD may have no editor or compiler. It may be useful to include the track number:
e.g.
Vaughan-Williams, R (2005). The Lark Ascending, romance for violin & orchestra IN Adagio II. Celestial
Harmonies. 14052-2. Double CD. CD 2 Track 7.
Films, Videocassettes and DVDs
With a film or film series whether shown in the cinema or on television the information should be the same. There may not be
an originator but there may be a director. A work adapted from a book may have the author of that as a subsidiary originator. It may
be a good idea to include the location of a copy if it is not on video/DVD.
e.g.
Blade Runner: from a story by Philip K. Dick. (1982) Film. Directed by Ridley Scott. USA: Warner Brothers.
Broadcasts
Broadcasts are treated much the same as films except that the type of Broadcast (television or radio) Date, Time and Channel should
be included in addition to the other information and in place of publication details.
e.g.
Yes, Prime Minister: Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. (1986). TV, BBC2, January 1986. 20.30 hrs.
Note on Microform (Microfilm or Microfiche)
Generally material is put on microfilm from some other print medium such as a newspaper or a book in order to save space for storage.
It is not usually necessary to include this information in a reference. If you decide to do so you should include, in addition to the usual
details, the place and publisher of the microform and, if possible, the number and frame or a microfiche or the frame number on a
microfilm if there is one.
e.g.
Miller, D.J. (1981) Holographic Bubble Chambers. Nature Vol. 289, 22nd January 1981, p.226. Microfiche Version - Ann Arbor: Michigan
fiche no. 1 frame C1
In general electronic materials are treated very similarly to print materials.
Discs
If a book or manual is on disc (either CD-ROM, DVD or some other type of disc) it should have some of the same
information as the print equivalent. Even if there is no author or editor there should be a title, a date, a
publisher and possibly a place of publication. It is useful to add what type of disc it is and, if relevant, for what
operating system it was designed to run.
e.g.
Ahlberg, Allan (1997) The jolly postman's party. England: Reed Children's Books. CD-ROM
Part of a Disc
An item which is part of a disc (e.g. a chapter from a compilation disc, etc.) should be treated in the same way as part of a print
publication such as a book chapter.
Web Sites
A web page should be treated similarly to a print work in that it may have an author or editor and a title. It may be dated and the main
site (of which the page is a part) may also have a publisher (for example a white or green paper on an official government web site is
published by that government department) and may also give an address in the “about us” or “contact” section. You should include the
address of the web page and also include the date on which you viewed the page.
e.g.
Barger, Jorn (2000) A biography of Leopold Paula Bloom
http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/ulysses/bloom.html [viewed 11/07/2006].
E-Mails
E-Mails may be treated in the same way as a letter. There will be an author (the person who sent it), a year and a title (the subject line).
There is obviously no publisher or location but it is useful to add the e-mail address of the sender and the date sent.
e.g.
Ashfield, N (2005) Re: Architecture Journals. [norman.ashfield@bcu.ac.uk] [sent on 12/06/2005].
E-Mails from Mailing Lists
These still have the same information as above but you should also include the name of the mailing list at the end. If the e-mail to a list
was found on a web page include the name and address of the web page and the date when you viewed it.
e.g.
Burns, Bob (1997) Re: Japanese Legislation. [sent to mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk, 10/02/1997]
Computer Programs
If the computer program has an originator (or possibly corporate originator) that should be included with the year in which this version of
the program was created, name of the program, the version, the place of the program producer’s office, the name of the producer and
the statement that it is a computer program.
e.g.
WordPerfect Version 5.1. WordPerfect Corporation, Orem, Utah [Computer Program].
Powerpoint Presentations
A Powerpoint presentation will usually have an author, a title and a date or year. If seen ‘live’ you should also include the venue, the date
viewed. If seen on a web page give the web address and the date viewed.
e.g.
Price, C. (2006) TalisList - an Introduction. [shown at Birmingham: Birmingham City University. Kenrick Library] [viewed on 11/07/2006]
Discussion Forums
A posting to a discussion forum will usually have an author, a year, a message subject, the name of the discussion forum, the date
posted, the web address of the forum and you should also include the date you accessed the forum.
e.g.
Keiser, B. (2004) Information literacy and information skills teaching in FE and HE. LIS Information Literacy Group discussion list,
20 May 2004 Available from: LIS-INFOLITERACY@JISCMAIL.AC.UK [accessed 12/06/2004].
Moodle
Materials on Moodle may be treated in the same way as all of the above whether documents, powerpoint displays, contributions to a
discussion forum, sound files or anything else. You should include the name of the Faculty, Department (if applicable) and module name
and number as well as the date accessed.
e.g.
Ebrey, P (2005) UCEfulLibSkills Moodle@Birmingham City University. Library and Learning Resources. Library Courses Module.
Accessed on 12/05/2005.
UCEEL
Materials on UCEEL may be treated in the same way as all of the above whether book chapters, student projects, journal articles,
sound files, off-air broadcasts, videos or anything else. Every UCEEL item has a unique URL so you should include that as well as
the date accessed.
e.g.
Collecting Primary Data Using Semi-Structured and In-Depth Interviews IN Saunders, M; Lewis, P and Thornhill,
A. (2003) Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow, New York: Prentice Hall. [viewed on UCEEL at
http://diglib.bcu.ac.uk on 12/07/2006]
xi. Verbal Materials
Verbal materials will normally have an author and a year.
Lectures
Lectures will have an author (usually the person delivering the lecture), a year, possibly a title for the lecture, a
module name and number and course of which it is a part, a place where it was delivered and a date on which it
was delivered.
e.g.
Smith, M. (2005) Health and Illness. BSc Human and Applied Biology, Birmingham City University, 29th May 2005
Interviews
An interview will normally be with a named person and be on a particular date and carried out by a particular person but you will
need to provide some sort of title for the interview. It is useful to give the venue. The interviewee is the author of comments made
by herself/himself. If referring to the whole interview the interviewee and yourself are joint authors.
e.g.
Wilson, H (2006) Interview on Library and Learning Resources. Conducted by Brown, G. on 12/06/2006 at Kenrick Library,
Birmingham City University
There are separate rules for the citation of legal materials and these are covered in a separate publication.
This method tends to be used in humanities and arts publications. In the text, each reference is given
a consecutive number and the list of references is then compiled in numerical order. The number may be
either in brackets
e.g.
In a recent book, Wilson (35) looked at human interaction with computers ...
or in a superscript,
e.g.
Wilson35 looked at human interaction with computers
In the list of references, items are listed in numerical, not alphabetical order. Use the author’s name as
given on the title page.
e.g.
14.Newman, W. Interactive System Design. New York: Addison Wesley, 1995, p.31
15.Bourne, C. Race and Sex Discrimination. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1993, pp.84-5.
16. European Union Environment Policy and New Forms of Governance. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001,
pp.10-11.
17.Costanzo, M. Legal Writing. London: Cavendish, 1993, p.96.
18.Bourne, C. Race and Sex Discrimination. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1993, pp. 21-2
Note:
In this method every major word in the titles has a capital letter.
In order to provide an alphabetical list of references, some writers using this system provide both
a numerical list of references either at the end of the work, at the end of each chapter, or as footnotes;
AND a separate alphabetical list of references. This clearly involves much more work than the Harvard
system.
5. Further Reading
The following may be of further help to you:
The Bluebook : A Uniform System Of Citation (2000) 17th ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Law Review Association.
British Standard BS 5605 (1990) Recommendations for Citing and Referencing Published Material.
London: British Standards Institution.
British Standard BS 6371 (1983) Recommendations for Citation of Unpublished Documents.
London: British Standards Institution.
French, D. (c.1996) How to Cite Legal Authorities. London: Blackstone.
Kingston University. Library Services (2005) Harvard System of Referencing for Nursing and Midwifery
Students (including electronic referencing). Kingston-upon-Thames: Kingston University
http://www.kingston.ac.uk/library/HarvardReferencing2005CourseGenie/index.htm
Li, Xia and Crane, N.B. (1993) Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information. Westport: Meckler.
MHRA Style book: notes for authors, editors and writers of theses. (1991) 4th ed. London: MHRA (mainly deals with the Vancouver
method).
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2004) Cite Them Right: Referencing Made Easy, new ed.. Newcastle-upon-Tyne:
Northumbria University Press.
The Chicago manual of style. (2003) 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Birmingham City University. The Business School (2005) Harvard Referencing in Essential Birmingham: Birmingham City University.
May be accessed at http://essential.tbs.bcu.ac.uk/harvard/index.html
Birmingham City University. Faculty of Health (2004) Undergraduate Course Handbook. Birmingham City University
This page last updated by Keith Brisland.
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http://library.bcu.ac.uk/howto.htm
further information :
http://www.medicine.cu.edu.eg/english/departments/pathology/how_to_write_references_1.pdf