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 شيوه علمي مأخذنويسي

 ابوالفضل بختیاری --  Abolfazl Bakhtiari

 

Citation Style Guide

 

This style guide is designed for use by students for the citation of references in all written assignments.  The style to be used is based on the Author-Date (Harvard) style as developed and maintained by the American Psychological Association. While the details of this approach are extensive and complex, this style guide provides some preliminary notes on referencing and examples of the format required for most common sources of material.  A detailed citation guide has been prepared by the University of Canberra Library and is included below for reference. 

 

Citation Notes :

 

All source material used in your assignment, direct quotations, paraphrased passages or ideas, should be referenced in two places in your report or essay:

ü      in the text or body of your report ; and

ü      in the reference list at the end of your report.

 

Consequently, all ‘in text’ references should be matched by a reference in the reference list and vice versa.  The format of these matching references varies: a ‘short form’ is used in the text and a ‘full citation’ is used in the reference list.

 

The format of a citation also depends on the type of source material (eg book, electronic paper, journal article, etc).  The correct format must be used exactly and attention to detail is important.

 

 “in text” References - Points to Note

 

ü      Use the ‘short form’ of citation and place the citation as close as possible to the words if using a direct quotation, or idea if paraphrasing or referring to another author.  For example, the short form citation of a book with one author is :  (Viljoen, 1991, p. 57)

 

ü      Direct quotations occur when using another author’s actual words.  Use only short phrases or terms and enclose the quoted text in quotation marks.  For example,

 

...... a use case describes “an activity that the system carries out in response to an event” (Satzinger, 2002, p 241) although this definition has been ....

 

 

ü      Direct quotation of long passages (e.g. more than approx. 25 words or two lines of text) is best avoided.  Long passages written by another person for a different purpose do not match your writing style, usually include extraneous information and do not demonstrate your understanding of the topic. 

 

ü      Paraphrasing another author occurs when using ideas provided by other authors. This provides both an essential basis for your work and credibility to your discussion of the topic.  There are many ways in which you can incorporate citations into your text and some very good examples are shown on the UC Academic Skills Centre web page.  A typical fictional example is shown below.

 

……While use cases provide insight into the visible system responses and the responsibilities of a system (Biddle, 2000, p. 2), Kennedy (1997, p. 47) contends they do not provide a functional analysis of a system.  Rosenfeld

( 2002, p. 30), however, suggests that they are useful for broadly identifying the functional, usability and information requirements of a system.  …….

 

 

 

Reference List -  Points to Note 

 

ü      This is the list of full citations of all the sources of material used in your report and must be shown at then of your report.  The example below is the full citation corresponding to the short form example given above :

 

Viljoen, J. (1991). Strategic management: How to analyse, choose and implement corporate strategies.  Melbourne:  Longman Professional

           

ü      A full citation must be presented according to the exact format shown.  In the example above:

o       the last name of the author is followed by a comma;

o       the author’s other names are shown by initials followed by full stops;

o       the year of publication is shown in brackets followed by a full stop;

o       the title of the book is shown in italics; followed by

o       the place the book was published; and

o       the name of the publisher.

Details for books can be found on the page following the title page.

 

ü      The list of citations must be presented in alphabetical order.  The following example illustrates the format required for a range of common types of source material: a web site, a book with two authors and a conference paper from the ACM database.

 

 

Gordon, C. H., Simmons, P. &  Wyn, G. (2001). Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it. Retrieved September 27, 2001, from University of Bath, Biology Program Guide 2001/2002 Web site: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/bpg/plagiarism.htm

 

Rau, J.G. and Wooten, D.C. (1980). Environmental impact analysis handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tempero, E., Noble, J & Biddle, R. (2004). Delegation diagrams: visual support for the development of object-oriented designs. Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28, 83 - 89   Darlinghurst, Australia : Australian Computer Society, Inc. Retrieved 7 February 2005 from ACM database.

 

 

General Points to Note:

 

ü      All written material needs to be well structured and organised.

 

ü      All assignments should be thoroughly researched and your original ideas based on authoritative and appropriate source material.  This material must be attributed to the original source from which you developed your ideas or are building your case. 

 

ü      As you will access many references while preparing your assignment, develop the habit of keeping a record of each reference when making your preliminary notes.  It is always a pity not to be able to use a good idea in your final report because you didn’t keep details of the source of the original idea.

 

ü      While the U C Academic Skills Centre website provides a guide which outlines a similar but slightly different version of the Author-.Date style, the site provides a range of very useful examples of how to incorporate references into your written material and how to handle some common problems.

 

ü     The web page of the American Psychological Association, which maintains the guide upon which this style guide is based, also provides some useful hints on incorporating citations from electronic sources into your report.

 

ü      The UC Citation Guide is available in hard copy from the Library and can be found at :  http://www.canberra.edu.au/library/research-gateway/research_help/citation-guide - citing

 

 

 

 

 

 

Citation Guide :

 

Part A: Citing Print Sources 

 

1. Book, brochure, pamphlet or other publication by one author

In text: (Viljoen, 1991, p. 57) or Viljoen (1991, p. 57) concluded that......

In reference list: Viljoen, J. (1991). Strategic management: How to analyse, choose and implement corporate strategies.  Melbourne:  Longman Professional.

 

2. Book, brochure, pamphlet or other publication by two or more authors

In text: (Junankar & Price, 1984, p. 23)

In reference list: Junankar, P.N. & Price, S. (1984). An anatomy of unemployment flows in Great Britain.  Canberra:  Australian National University, Centre for Economic Policy Research.

 

3. Book, brochure, pamphlet or other publication by a corporate author

In text: (Australian Bureau of  Statistics, 2001, p. 1)

In reference list: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Involvement in organized sport and physical activity, Australia. Canberra: Author.

 

4.  Editor

In text: (Mottram & Martin, 1993, pp. 33-67)

In reference list: Mottram, K. & Martin, S. (1993).  Individual differences.  In R. Collins (Ed.), Effective management  (pp. 33-67).  North Ryde, NSW.:  CCH International.

 

5. No Author/Editor

In text: (Macroeconomics, prices, 1983, pp. 33-67)

In reference list: Macroeconomics, prices and quantities:  Essays in memory of Arthur M. Okun.  (1983).  Oxford: Blackwell.

 

6. Chapter in book

In text: (Riche, 1987, pp. 29-43)

In reference list:   Riche, D.C. (1987). Australia's industrial geography.  In H. L. Kendig (Ed.), The industrial geography of Australia  (pp. 29-43). North Ryde, N.S.W.: Methuen.

 

7.   Journal article

In text:   (DeLucia, 1991, p. 739)

In reference list:   DeLucia, P.R. (1991). Pictorial and motion-based information for depth perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 738-748.

 

8.   Newspaper article

In text: (Rice, 1998, p. 16)

In reference list:  Rice, J. (1998, January 2). Socialism or death: the revolution stays strong. Canberra Times, p. 16.

 

 

 

Part B:   Citing Internet & Electronic Sources

 

1.   Journal article retrieved from an electronic journal

In text:   (Palmer, Lawn & Adkins, 2002, p. 337)

In reference list:   Palmer, J., Lawn, R. & Adkins, S. (2002). An Embryo-rescue protocol for vigna interspecific hybrids. Australian Journal of Botany, 50, 3, 331-338. Retrieved August 20, 2002, from http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajb/contents.cfm

 

2.   Journal article retrieved from a database.

In text:   (Meyer & Block, 1992)

In reference list:   Meyer, A., & Block, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: blocking or partial activation? Memory & cognition, 20, 715-726. Retrieved August 26, 2002, from PsycARTICLES database.

 

3. Newspaper article retrieved from a database

In text:   (Darby, 2002, p. 42)

In reference list:& Darby, A. (2002, 20 August). Rarest tiger skin: a rugged survivor. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 42-43, Retrieved August 20, 2002, from Factiva database.

 

4.   Newspaper article retrieved from  the Web

In text :(Wright, 2002)

In reference list:   Wright, L. (2002, August 16). US still jittery Costello warns. Canberra Times. Retrieved August 20, 2002, from http://www.canberratimes.com.au/

 

5.Web page

In text: (Gordon, Simmons & Wyn, 2001)

In reference list:  Gordon, C. H., Simmons, P. &  Wyn, G. (2001). Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it. Retrieved September 27, 2001, from University of Bath, Biology Program Guide 2001/2002 Web site: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/bpg/plagiarism.htm

 

6.EMAIL message

Email messages sent from one individual to another are regarded as personal communication because they are not recoverable data. Therefore an in-text reference ONLY is required.

In text: D. Smith (personal communication, August 25, 2001)

 

 

 

APA Citation Style: Exercise Key

 

Item 1:

A. What type of source is it?  Circle one

 

book         book chapter         journal article         newspaper article        other

 

B.  Did this material come from…

 

a printed source              an electronic database                        the Internet

 

C.     Write the appropriate citation for this item.

 

Pena, M. (2001, September 20).  Hate crime investigations yield arrest of S. F. man.  The San Francisco Chronicle, p. A14.  Retrieved on October 4, 2001, from Lexis Nexis Academic Universe database.

 

Item 2:

A. What type of source is it?  Circle one

 

book         book chapter         journal article         newspaper article        other

 

B.  Did this material come from…

 

a printed source              an electronic database                        the Internet

 

C.     Write the appropriate citation for this item.

 

Adderley, R.W., & Musgrove, P. (2001).  Police crime recording and investigation systems: a user’s view.  Policing:  An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 23(1), 100-114.

 

Item 3:

A. What type of source is it?  Circle one

 

book         book chapter         journal article         newspaper article        other

 

B.  Did this material come from…

 

a printed source              an electronic database                        the Internet

 

C.     Write the appropriate citation for this item.

 

Motto,  C.  J., & June, D. L., Undercover (2^nd ed.).  (2000).  Boca Raton: CRC Press.

 

Item 4:

A. What type of source is it?  Circle one

 

book         book chapter         journal article         newspaper article        other

 

B.  Did this material come from…

 

a printed source              an electronic database                        the Internet

 

C.     Write the appropriate citation for this item.

 

Inbau, F.E.  (1999, Summer).  Police interrogation—a practical necessity.  Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 89(4), 1403-1412.  Retrieved October 4, 2001 from Academic Search Elite database.

 

 

Item 5:

A. What type of source is it?  Circle one

 

book         book chapter         journal article         newspaper article        other

 

B.  Did this material come from…

 

a printed source              an electronic database                        the Internet

 

C.     Write the appropriate citation for this item.

 

Klecak, F. E. (1993).  Principles of investigation.  In Grau, J. J. (Ed.).  Criminal and civil investigation handbook. (pp. 2-1 – 2-10).  New York; McGraw-Hill, Inc.

 

 

Item 6:

A. What type of source is it?  Circle one

 

book         book chapter         journal article         newspaper article        document

 

B.  Did this material come from…

 

a printed source              an electronic database                        the Internet

 

C.     Write the appropriate citation for this item.

 

Intelligence bureau.  Retrieved October 4, 2001 from Arizona Department of Public Safety Web site:  http://www.dps.state.az.us/ci/intelligencebureau/intel.htm

http://westcgi.west.asu.edu/libcontrib/northumbria03/apa-style-key.doc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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